Efectos del ejercicio aeróbico sobre los componentes del síndrome metabólico en adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2024.412.12751Palabras clave:
Ejercicio Físico, Diabetes Mellitus, Anciano, Revisión Sistemática, Síndrome MetabólicoResumen
Objetivo. Determinar los efectos del ejercicio aeróbico sobre los componentes del síndrome metabólico en pacientes adultos mayores diabéticos mediante una revisión sistemática con meta-análisis. Materiales y métodos. Utilizamos las bases de datos PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane library, Web of Science y el buscador Google Scholar. Se seleccionaron los ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA) según los criterios de inclusión. Dos revisores determinaron de forma independiente si los estudios cumplían con los criterios de inclusión, extrajeron los datos y utilizaron la herramienta Cochrane de riesgo de sesgo (RoB 2). Los
análisis cuantitativos se realizaron en el programa R v 4.0.5, utilizando efectos aleatorios. Resultados. Las búsquedas identificaron 8697 estudios, de los que siete ECA se incluyeron en la síntesis cualitativa. Se evaluó que la mayoría de los estudios tenían un RoB alto o bajo en al menos tres dominios. El metaanálisis mostró que el ejercicio aeróbico fue eficaz para mejorar los niveles
de glucosa (diferencia de medias estandarizada [DME]: -1,04; intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC 95%] -1,27; -0,81), presión arterial sistólica (DME: -0,79; IC 95%: -1,02; -0,56), presión arterial diastólica (DME: -0,75; IC 95%: -0,98; -0,52), hemoglobina glucosilada (DME: -0,57; IC 95%: -0,77; -0,37), HDL (DME: 0,35; IC 95%: 0,15; 0,55), triglicéridos (DME: -0,26; IC 95%: -0,47; -0,06). No se informaron efectos adversos significativos. El nivel de certeza de los resultados fue baja para la glucosa en ayunas, moderado para la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, y muy bajo para los demás resultados, además de pocos efectos adversos. Sin embargo, estos resultados deben ser interpretados con cautela debido al uso de marcadores subrogados. Conclusiones. El
ejercicio aeróbico demostró tener una mejoría significativa en los componentes del síndrome metabólico en adultos mayores diabéticos y no se reportaron efectos adversos importantes. Sin embargo, recomendamos más ECA que tengan un mayor tiempo
de intervención para establecer el impacto sobre los síntomas y las complicaciones.
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Derechos de autor 2024 Mercedes Miranda-Tueros, Joshua Ramirez-Peña, Miguel Cabanillas-Lazo, José Luis Paz-Ibarra, Isabel Pinedo-Torres
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